What is Disk Quota ,Quota entries,Convert FAT to NTFS

Disk Quota

Disk Quota is often used by the administrator to ensure that available disk Space is reasonably distributed

among the users. Normally administrator has the ability to assign Disk Quotas.

To enable it

Go to Any Drive (in which you want to set Quota) –> Properties –> Check “Enable quota management” –> Check “Deny disk space to users exceeding quota limit” –> Check “Limit disk space to” & Set limits –> Apply –> Ok 

Quota Entries

Go to Any Drive(in which you want to set Quota) –>Properties –> Quota –> Quota Entry –> 

Click on Quota –> New Quota Entry –> Advance –> Find Now –> Select Users –> Ok –> Set Limit –> Ok –> Apply –> Ok

Note: Disk Quota is enabled only in “NTFS” file system.

To convert fat file system to NTFS 

[RUN –> CMD –> Type “Convert Drive Letter /fs:ntfs]

For Exp: [c:\convert E: /fs:ntfs]

How to Install and Uninstall Active Directory on windows 2003/2008 server

To Install Active Directory Service

Go to -> Start –> Run –>type “dcpromo” & Press Ok & follow the wizard

Requirements:

A) Windows Server 2003/2008 must be installed.
B) LAN Card device & driver must be installed.
C) IP Address must be configured
D) LAN card must be connected to a switch & must be activated.

To Uninstalled Active Directory Service

Same Command as Installing it.

Go to -> Start –> Run –> type “dcpromo” or “dcpromp /forceremoval” & Press Ok & follow the wizard

What is Domain Controller

Domain Controller

It is a Windows Server 2003/2008 installed computer in which “Active Directory” Service is installed. Domain Controller is used to manage domain object such as “Users & Computers” Centrally.

Workgroup vs Domain

Workgroup

Workgroup is a group of computers in LAN. In workgroup each computer is a standalone computer which has their separate local user a/c & groups.They can share resources & peripherals to each other.
In a network a computer will be either in workgroup or joined in domain.

Domain
Domain is a group of users & computers defined by the administrator with the common rule & procedure.
Domain has a DNS (Domain Name System) Name such as:

Microsoft.com
Google.com
Redhat.com
Yahoo.com

When a computer joins to a domain it has its own local users & groups as well as it also logon in domain

Creating users and Groups using CMD ,manage,control panel

We create Group to give similar authorities to a set of users.

We can create user through 3 methods:

1. My computer -> Manage
2.CMD Prompt
3. Control Panel

To Create a User a/c

1. Go to, My computer –> Right click on it –> Manage –> Local users & Groups –> Users –> Right click –>New  user –> Type user name & Password –> Confirm Password –> Create

2. Go to, Run –> net user username password /add (For limited A/c)

3. Go to, Control panel –> Users account–> Create a new a/c

To create a group of user at one shot: create a notepad file & type commands
(Type “Net user name password /add” for each user) to create as many user as you want & save the file name with (.bat file) & run it.

Creating a group

Go to My computer –> Manage –> Local User & Group –> Right click –> New Group –> Give name & password –>Apply

Adding user in a Group

Go to My computer –> Manage –> Local User & Group Groups –> Right click on Group –> Properties –> Add –>Advance –> Find Now –> Select users –> Ok -> Apply

[Press Ctrl to select more then one user]

To Reset a Password

Go to, My computer -> Manage –> Users –> Right Click on User –> Set Password
Or
Run CMD –> “net user username *” and press Enter

Type password” (should be complex & at least of seven character)

To Enable or Disable a/c

Go to –> Manage –> Local users & Group –> Right click on User a/c –> Properties –> Check or Uncheck to Enable or Disable a/c respectively

Local Users & Groups and Bult-in Groups

Local Users & Groups

When we install operating systems it creates two local users accounts.
a. Admin
b. Guest

By default guest account remains disable.

There are two more users
a. IUSR
b. IWAM

That is called internet guest a/c.

We create user a/c so that a user can login to a computer & can work on it.

Administrator a/c is called built-in a/c which has full access on computer & can perform any task.

There are some built-in groups which has special authority on computer such as

1. Administrator group
2. Backup operators
3. Guest
4. Network configuration operator
5. Performance log users.
6. Performance monitor users
7. Power users
8. Print operators
9. Remote desktop users
10. Replicaters
11. Users
12. IIS_WPG
13. Terminal Server Computer

Dynamic Disk and RAID Levels 0,1,5

Dynamic storage is supported in Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003. A disk initialized for dynamic storage is called a dynamic disk. A dynamic disk contains dynamic volumes, such as:

1. Simple volumes,
2. Spanned volumes,
3. Striped volumes, (RAID 0)
4. Mirrored volumes, (RAID 1)
5. RAID-5 volumes. (Striped with Parity)

R – Redundant
A – Array of
I - Inexpensive/Independent
D – Disk

A basic disk doesn’t support above features. We can convert a basic disk into dynamic disk any time without data loss. But to convert a dynamic disk into Basic disk we need to format whole hard-disk so backup your data before converting.

When we convert a basic disk into dynamic disk, all primary partition & Logical partition changes to Simple
Volume & free space of extended partition become unallocated partition. With dynamic storage, you can
perform disk and volume management without the need to restart Windows.

1) Simple Volume: It’s Similar to primary partition but you can extend size of simple Vol. without data loss. But you can’t reduce size of Vol. If you extend size from same hard-disk it will be simple volume, but if you extend size from different HDD it will become spanned Vol.

2) Spanned Volume: you can create a single volume containing size of multiple HDD. It means you can create 160 GB Vol. by using two HDD of 80 GB.

You can use Min- 2 HDD
MAX – 32 HDD

3) Striped Volume: You can create a single volume using multiple HDD. It takes equal size from all disk, it saves data of 64kb in all HDD in a scattered way. It enhances volume’s read & write performance. It provides no fault tolerance. If any disk crashes your all data will become inaccessible.

You can use Min- 2 HDD
MAX – 32 HDD

4) Mirrored Volume: It takes two hard disks. It saves same data in both disks. It means it automatically copy data in to second HDD. In this 80GB Vol. will take two HDD of 80GB.
It is Fault tolerance & its overhead is 50%

5) RAID 5: It combines the feature of striped volume & mirrored Vol. It also saves data of 64 kb like striped volume. It also saves parity (Compressed form of data) in another disk. For 160GB Vol. you will require Three HDD of 80GB each.
It is Fault tolerance & its overhead is 33%

You can use Min- 3 HDD
MAX – 32 HDD

How to enable Printer pooling,print Priority,spooling

Printer Pooling: 

If you have more than one printer of same manufacturer & same model then you can enable
printer pooling. If you are pooling in printers than make sure that your all printer should be kept in the same
location or else you will not able to find that which printer has printed out you document.

Enable Printer Pooling

Go to Printer Properties –> Ports –> Check on Enable Printer Pooling –> Check both Printer Port –> Ok

Priority: 

If there is long waiting queue for print job & want to set priority to any user then you can configure
Printer priory. As soon as printer will finish the current job it will take high priority printing job at 2nd instance.

Enable Printer Priority

Install a printer twice –> Go to printer properties –> Advanced –> Set priority

Spooling: (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-Line)

the overlapping of low-speed operations with normal processing. Spooling originated with mainframes in order to optimize slow operations such as reading cards and printing. Card input was read onto disk and printer output was stored on disk. In that way, the business data processing was performed at high speed, receiving input from disk and sending output to disk. Subsequently, spooling is used to buffer data for the printer as well as remote batch terminals

How to Installing internet printer on client computer

Installing internet printer on client computer

Go to Printer & fax –> Add Printer –> Network Printer –> Select connect to a printer URL [http://IP of
print server/Printers/Printer share name/printer]

How to Enable Internet printing on server

To Enable Interne printing on server

Go to Control Panel –> Add Remove Program –> Add remove windows component –> Select Application Server –>Details –> Select IIS –> Details –> Check on Internet Printing –> Ok -> Finish

How to Create a Hardware Profile

Hardware Profile

You can create hardware profiles with different Hardware settings. It’s mostly useful for laptop. It provides
you options to choose Hardware profile during system start up.

You can create Many Hardware profile.

[i.e. if you have more than one LAN-card you can enable one LAN-Card in each Profile.]

To create hardware profile:

Go to –> My Computer property –> Hardware –> Hardware profile –> Copy –> Name (any) –> Ok

How to Install devices using Add hardware Wizard

Installing devices using “Add Hardware Wizard”

Installing loopback adapter

The Microsoft Loopback adapter is a testing tool for a virtual network environment where network access is
not available. Also, you must use the Loopback adapter if there are conflicts with a network adapter or with a network adapter driver. You can bind network clients, protocols, and other network configuration items to the Loopback adapter, and you can install the network adapter driver or network adapter later while retaining the network configuration information.

Step to Install

Start –> Setting –> Control panel –> Add Hardware –> Add new Hardware Device –> Select Advanced –> Select Network Adapters –> Select Microsoft Loopback Adapters –> Finish

Go to My Network Places –> Properties –> Here you can see it.

Step to uninstall

Go to Device manager –> Expend Net Adapter –> Right click on Loopback Adapter -> Uninstall.

how to create System Restore Point

System Restore Point
You can create a system restore point when your system is working properly. With this restore point you can
undo harmful changes to you operating system. Basically it restores window settings & performance without
destroying saved documents, emails, history & favorite list.Your computer also creates automatically restore point called check point.

To create a Restore Point

Start –> Program –> Accessories –> System tools –> System restore-> Select create a restore point.

“You can also undo your restore”

Safe mode options /windows start-up options

If your computer is not booting properly or normally then there is some advance boot option that you can
choose to boot your computer such as:

1. Safe mode
Safe mode option Boots your computer with minimum driver required. In this mode you can disable any
device driver & you can backup you data... etc.

2. Safe mode with networking
Safe mode with networking also loads driver of LAN card so your computer will be in network.

3. Safe mode with Command Prompt
Safe mode with command prompt boots your window & provides on command prompt. You can work
with command prompt as far as you can

4. Enable Boot logging
Enable boot logging creates file which contains boot information & problem.

5. Enable VGA Mode
It boots your window with minimum graphic resolution.

6. Directory Services Restore Mode
This mode is used when we restore Active Directory in Win Server

7. Debugging Mode
If two computers are connected with serial cable by com port, it will display boot info in another
computer

To Grant full control permission to any user for a share folder

To Grant full control permission to any user for a share folder

Go to folder properties –> sharing –> permission –> click add –> advance – >find now –> select any user –> ok –> select user –> check “allow full control” –> apply

Note: If there is no security page is shown then open my computer –> tools –> folder option –> view –> un-check last option (use simple file sharing)

To Access a share folder from another computer

Start –> run -> \\IP –> OK

Or Click My network places -> entire network –>windows network –>open domain name or workgroup name –> open computer name –> open share folder

Note: By default all drives of a computer is shared. You can access it by the command (\\IP\ drive letter with $ sign)

Using Recovery Console to Repair Windows XP/2003 server.

Using Recovery Console

(While Booting From CD)

If for any region your computer is not booting up & showing “NTLDR file missing or corrupted or compressed”

you can copy NTLDR file from recovery console

To Choose Recovery Console

1. Insert OS CD in CD-ROM & Restart your computer.

2. Press any key to boot from CD

3. Next you’ll get the option to “Repair or Enter Setup” Press R for repair using Recovery console.

4. Here you will be in DOS mode.

5. After the first question, type 1 and press enter.

Type the administrator password (if available) and hit enter.

6. Type CD .. (Note there must be a space between CD and ..)

This will bring you to the main "C" directory.

7. Then type “d:” to locate the CD-Rom Drive

8. D:\>dir

9. cd i386

To Copy file

10. Copy ntldr c:\

11. Copy ntdetect.com c:\

To decompress

12. c:\attrib -C ntldr

13. Exit

Boot Files of Windows XP/2003 server

Boot Files of Windows XP/2003 server

There are some boot files which are hidden in “C Drive”

To view hidden boot files

Open My computer –> C drive -> Tools –> Folder Option –> View –> Click on Show hidden file – > Uncheck hide protected system files –> Apply - Ok

It will display some more files which are needed in boot process such as:

1. NTLDR (New Technology Loader)
2. NTDETECT.COM
3. BOOT.INI (It has multiple OS chosen Option)
4. CONFIG.SYS
5. IO.SYS (INPUT & OUTPUT)
6. MSDOS.SYS
7. PAGEFILE.SYS
BOOT.INI

It’s a notepad file which has two information.

1. Time out
2. Default Operating System to Load

You can change time out & default OS through Boot.ini

[My computer –> Property –> Advance –> Setting under Startup & Recovery

Unattended Installation Process of Windows XP Professional

Unattended Installation Process of Windows XP Professional

In this installation we create an answer file which is used while installing Operating System. So there is no
need to attend the installation process after running setup.

Steps for unattended installation

1. Insert XP CD in the Drive

2. Browse XP CD

3. Go to SUPPORT – TOOLS - DEPLOY.CAB – Setupmgr.exe (right click & Extract )

4. Select location & click extract again.

5. Go to the location & open setupmgr.exe & click next

6. Create New answer file – Windows Unattended Installation – select window & version – select fully
automated – Click No – I accept - Next

7. Now fill the Prompt & required Information.

8. You will find two files (unattended. bat & Unattended.txt)

9. Click on unattended. bat (Your installation would start)

10. If you installation doesn’t start then right click on unattended. bat & click edit…

Check the file path… & run again

Note: 1. This installation doesn’t format the drive.

2. A running Operating system is required

3. This installation is for Dual boot, Multi Boot, Upgrade & Repair the window